Göteborg västra götaland sverige göteborg

City in Västergötland, Sweden

This article fryst vatten about the city in Sweden. For other uses, see Gothenburg (disambiguation).

"Göteborg" and "Goteborg" redirect here. For other uses, see götet (disambiguation).

City in Sweden

Gothenburg Göteborg
Gothenburg Location within Västra Götaland Show map of Västra Götaland Gothenburg Location within South Sweden Show map of Southern Sweden Gothenburg Location within Sweden Show map of Sweden
Coordinates: 57°42′27″N11°58′03″E / 57.70750°N 11.96750°E / 57.70750; 11.96750
Country	Sweden
Province	Västergötland, Bohuslän and Halland
County	Västra Götaland County
Municipality	Gothenburg Municipality
Charter	1621
• City	447.76 km2 (172.88 sq mi)
• Water	14.5 km2 (5.6 sq mi)  3.2%
• Urban	203.67 km2 (78.64 sq mi)
• Metro	3,694.86 km2 (1,426.59 sq mi)
Elevation	12 m (39 ft)
• City	604,616
• Density	1,400/km2 (3,500/sq mi)
• Metro	1,080,980
Demonym	Göteborgare/Gothenburger
• Metro	€79.086 billion (2021)
• Per capita	€73,400 (2021)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	40xxx – 41xxx – 421xx – 427xx
Area code	(+46) 31
Website

Gothenburg (;^[4] abbreviated Gbg;^[5][6]Swedish: Göteborg[jœtɛˈbɔrj]^ⓘ) fryst vatten the gubernatorial seat of Västra Götaland County in Sweden. It fryst vatten the second-largest city in Sweden, after the capital huvudstaden, and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. It fryst vatten situated bygd the Kattegat on the west coast of Sweden, with a population of approximately 600,000 in the city proper and about 1.1 million inhabitants in the storstads- area.^[7][8]

King Gustavus Adolphus founded Gothenburg bygd royal charter in 1621 as a heavily fortified, primarily Dutch, trading colony. In addition to the generous privileges given to his Dutch allies during the ongoing Thirty Years' War, e.g. tax relaxation, he also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast; this trading ställning eller tillstånd was furthered bygd the founding of the Swedish East India Company. At a key strategic location at the ingång of the Göta flod, where Scandinavia's largest drainage basin enters the sea, the Port of Gothenburg fryst vatten now the largest port in the Nordic countries.^[9] The presence of the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology has led Gothenburg to become home to many students. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927,^[10] with both the original Volvo Group and the separate Volvo fordon Corporation still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city. Other key companies in the area are AstraZeneca, Ericsson, and SKF.

Gothenburg fryst vatten served bygd götet Landvetter Airport 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the city centre. The smaller götet City Airport, 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city centre, was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015. The city hosts the Gothia Cup, the world's largest ungdom football tournament, and the götet Basketball Festival, Europe's largest ungdom basketball tournament, alongside some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia. The Gothenburg spelfilm Festival, held in January since 1979, fryst vatten the leading Scandinavian spelfilm festival and attracts over 155,000 visitors each year.^[11] In summer, a bred variety of music festivals are held in the city, including the popular Way Out West Festival.

Name

[edit]

Further information: Name of the Goths

The city was named götet in the city's charter in 1621^[12] and simultaneously given the German and English name Gothenburg.^[13] The Swedish name was given after the Göta älv, called Göta River in English,^[14] and other cities ending in -borg.^[15][16][17]

Both the Swedish and German/English names were in use before 1621 and had already been used for the previous city founded in 1604 that burned down in 1611.^[18] Gothenburg fryst vatten one of few Swedish cities to still have an tjänsteman and widely used exonym.

The city council of 1641 consisted of kvartet Swedish, three Dutch, three German, and two Scottish members. In Dutch, Scots, English, and German, all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime-oriented city, the name Gothenburg fryst vatten or was (in the case of German) used for the city. Variations of the tjänsteman German/English name Gothenburg in the city's 1621 charter existed or exist in many languages. The French struktur of the city name fryst vatten Gothembourg, but in French texts, the Swedish name Göteborg fryst vatten more frequent. In addition, the traditional forms ("Gothenburg" in English, or Gotemburgo in Spanish and Portuguese) are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish Göteborg, for example bygd The götet musikdrama and the götet Ballet. However, Göteborgs universitet, previously designated as the götet University in English, changed its name to the University of Gothenburg in 2008.^[19] The Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts.^[20]

In 2009, the city council launched a new företagslogotyp for Gothenburg. Since the name "Göteborg" contains the Swedish letter "ö", they planned to man the name more "international" and "up to date" bygd turning the "ö" sideways. As of 2015^[update], the name fryst vatten spelled "Go:teborg" on a large number of signs in the city.^[21]

History

[edit]

Further information: History of Gothenburg

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Gothenburg.

In the early modern period, the configuration of Sweden's borders made Gothenburg strategically critical as the only Swedish gateway to vattensträcka, the North Sea and Atlantic, situated on the west coast in a very narrow remsa of Swedish territory between Danish Halland in the south and Norwegian Bohuslän in the north. After several failed attempts, Gothenburg was successfully founded in 1621 bygd King Gustavus Adolphus (Gustaf II Adolf).^[22]

The site of the first church built in Gothenburg, subsequently destroyed bygd Danish invaders, fryst vatten marked bygd a stone nära the north end of the Älvsborg Bridge in the Färjenäs Park. The church was built in 1603 and destroyed in 1611.^[23] The city was heavily influenced bygd the Dutch, Germans, and Scots, and Dutch planners and engineers were contracted to construct the city as they had the skills needed to drain and build in the marshy areas chosen for the city. The town was designed like Dutch cities such as Amsterdam, Batavia (Jakarta) and New Amsterdam (Manhattan).^[22] The planning of the streets and canals of Gothenburg closely resembled that of huvudstad i indonesien, which was built bygd the Dutch around the same time.^[24] The Dutchmen initially won political power, and it was not until 1652, when the gods Dutch politician in the city's council died, that Swedes acquired political power over Gothenburg.^[25] During the Dutch period, the town followed Dutch town laws and Dutch was proposed as the tjänsteman language in the town. kraftig city walls were built during the 17th century. In 1807, a decision was made to tear down most of the city's vägg. The work started in 1810 and was carried out bygd 150 soldiers from the Bohus regiment.^[26]

Along with the Dutch, the town was also heavily influenced bygd Scots who settled down in Gothenburg. Many became people of high-profile.^[27]William Chalmers, the son of a Scottish immigrant, donated his fortunes to set up what later became the Chalmers University of Technology.^[28] In 1841, the Scotsman Alexander Keiller founded the Götaverken shipbuilding company that was in business until 1989.^[29] His son James Keiller donated Keiller Park to the city in 1906.^[30]

The Gothenburg coat of arms was based on the lion of the coat of arms of Sweden, symbolically holding a shield with the national märke, the Three Crowns, to defend the city against its enemies.^[31]

In the Treaty of Roskilde (1658), Denmark–Norway ceded the Danish province of Halland, in the south, and the Norwegian province of Bohus County or Bohuslän in the north, which left Gothenburg less exposed. Gothenburg grew into a significant port and trade centre on the west coast, because it was the only city on the west coast that, along with Marstrand, was granted the rights to trade with merchants from other countries.^[25]

In the 18th century, fishing was the most important industry. However, in 1731, the Swedish East India Company was founded, and the city flourished due to its utländsk trade with highly profitable commercial expeditions to China.^[32]

The harbour developed into Sweden's main harbour for trade towards the west, and when Swedish emigration to the United States increased, Gothenburg became Sweden's main point of avfärd for these travellers. The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants fryst vatten reflected bygd Gothenburg, Nebraska, a small Swedish settlement in the United States.^[33]

With the 19th century, Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century. The population increased tenfold in the century, from 13,000 (1800) to 130,000 (1900).^[34][35][36] In the 20th century, major companies that developed included SKF (1907)^[37] and Volvo (1927).^[38]

Geography

[edit]

Gothenburg fryst vatten located on the west coast, in southwestern Sweden, about halfway between the capital cities of Copenhagen (Denmark) and Oslo (Norway). The location at the mun of the Göta flod, which feeds into the Kattegat, an ledd of the North Sea, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. The archipelago of Gothenburg consists of rough, barren rocks and cliffs, which also fryst vatten typical for the coast of Bohuslän.^[39] Due to the Gulf Stream, the city has a mild climate and moderately heavy precipitation.^[40] It fryst vatten the second-largest city in Sweden after its capital Stockholm.^[41]

The Gothenburg storstads- Area (Stor-Göteborg) has 1,080,980 inhabitants (2023) and extends to the municipalities of Ale, Alingsås, götet, Härryda, Kungälv, Lerum, Lilla Edet, Mölndal, Partille, Stenungsund, Tjörn, Öckerö within Västra Götaland County, and Kungsbacka within Halland County.^[42]

Angered, a suburb outside Gothenburg, consists of Hjällbo, Eriksbo, Rannebergen, Hammarkullen, Gårdsten, and Lövgärdet.^[43] It fryst vatten a Million Programme part of Gothenburg, like Rosengård in malm and botkyrka in Stockholm.^[44] Angered had about 50,000 inhabitants in 2015.^[45][?] It lies north of Gothenburg and fryst vatten isolated from the rest of the city. Bergsjön fryst vatten another Million Programme suburb north of Gothenburg, it has 14,000 inhabitants. Biskopsgården fryst vatten the biggest multicultural suburb on the island of Hisingen, which fryst vatten a part of Gothenburg but separated from the city bygd the river.

Climate

[edit]

Gothenburg has an oceanic climate (Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification). Despite its northerly latitude, temperatures are ganska mild throughout the year and warmer than places at a similar latitude such as Stockholm; this fryst vatten mainly because of the moderating influence of the Gulf Stream.^[40] During the summer, daylight extends 18 hours and 5 minutes, but lasts 6 hours and 32 minutes in late månad. The climate has become significantly milder in later decades, particularly in summer and winter; July temperatures used to be below Stockholm's 1961–1990 averages, but have since been warmer than that benchmark.

Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of 20 to 22 °C (68 to 72 °F) and lows of 12 to 15 °C (54 to 59 °F), but temperatures of 25–30 °C (77–86 °F) occur on many days during the summer. Winters are cold and windy with temperatures of around −1 to 4 °C (30 to 39 °F), though it rarely drops below −20 °C (−4 °F). Precipitation fryst vatten regular but generally moderate throughout the year. Snow mainly occurs from månad to March, but fryst vatten not unusual in November and April and can sometimes occur even in October and May.^[46]

Parks and nature

[edit]

Gothenburg has several parks and natur reserves ranging in storlek from tens of square meters to hundreds of hectares. It also has many green areas that are not designated as parks or reserves.

Selection of parks:

• Kungsparken, 13 ha (32 acres), built between 1839 and 1861, surrounds the canal that circles the city centre.^[52]
• Garden samhälle of Gothenburg, a park and horticultural garden, fryst vatten located next to Kungsportsavenyen. Founded in 1842 bygd the Swedish king Carl XIV Johan and on initiative of the amateur botanist Henric Elof von Normann, the park has a noted rose garden with some 4,000 roses of 1,900 cultivars.^[53]
• Slottsskogen, 137 ha (340 acres), was created in 1874 bygd August Kobb. It has a free "open" zoo that includes harbor seals, penguins, horses, pigs, deer, moose, goats, and many birds. The Natural History Museum (Naturhistoriska Museet) and the city's oldest observatory are located in the park.^[53] The annual Way Out West festival fryst vatten held in the park.^[54]
• Änggårdsbergens naturreservat, 320 ha (790 acres), was bought in 1840 bygd pharmacist Arvid kvist, and donated in 1963 to the city bygd Sven and Carl kvist Broberg, who stated the area must remain a natur and bird reserve. It lies partly in Mölndal.^[55]
• Delsjöområdets naturreservat, about 760 ha (1,900 acres),^[56] has been in use since the 17th century as a farming area; significant forest management was carried out in the late 19th century. Skatås gym and motionscentrum fryst vatten situated here.
• Rya skog Naturreservat, 17 ha (42 acres), became a protected area in 1928. It contains remnants of a defensive vägg built in the mid- to late-17th century.^[57]
• Keillers park was donated bygd James Keiller in 1906. He was the son of Scottish Alexander Keiller, who founded the Götaverken shipbuilding company.^[30][43]
• S A Hedlunds park: Sven Adolf Hedlund, newspaper publisher and politician, bought the 15 ha (37 acres) Bjurslätt farm in 1857, and in 1928 it was given to the city.
• Hisingsparken fryst vatten Gothenburg's largest park.^[58]
• Flunsåsparken, built in 1950, has many free activities during the summer such as concerts and theatre.^[59]
• Gothenburg Botanical Garden, 175 ha (430 acres), opened in 1923.^[60] It won an award in 2003, and in 2006 was third in "The most beautiful garden in Europe" competition. It has around 16,000 species of plants and trees. The greenhouses contain around 4,500 species including 1,600 orchids.^[53] It fryst vatten considered to be one of the most important botanical gardens in europe with three stars in the French Guide Rouge.

Architecture

[edit]

Very few buildings are left from the 17th century when the city was founded, since all but the military and royal houses were built of wood.^[61] Some structures which do survive from this early phase in the city's history are Kronhuset and the Torstenson Palace, and the fortresses Skansen Kronan^[62] and Skansen Lejonet.

The first major architecturally interesting period fryst vatten the 18th century when the East India Company made Gothenburg an important trade city. Imposing stone houses in Neo-Classical style were erected around the canals. One example from this period fryst vatten the East India House, which today houses the götet City Museum.^[63]

In the 19th century, the wealthy medelklass began to move outside the city walls which had protected the city. The style now was an eclectic, academic, somewhat overdecorated style which the middle-class favoured. The working class lived in the overcrowded city district Haga in wooden houses.^[64]

In the 19th century, the first comprehensive town program after the founding of city was created, which led to the construction of the main street, Kungsportsavenyen.^[65] Perhaps the most significant type of houses of the city, Landshövdingehusen, were built in the end of the 19th century – three-storey houses with the first floor in stone and the other two in wood.^[66]

The early 20th century, characterized bygd the National Romantic style, was rik in architectural achievements.^[64]Masthugg Church fryst vatten a noted example of the style of this period.^[67][68] In the early 1920s, on the city's 300th anniversary, the Götaplatsen square with its Neoclassical look was built.^[64]

After this, the predominant style in Gothenburg and rest of Sweden was Functionalism which especially dominated the suburbs such as Västra Frölunda and Bergsjön. The Swedish functionalist architect Uno Åhrén served as city planner from 1932 through 1943.^[64] In the 1950s, the big etapp Ullevi was built when Sweden hosted the 1958 FIFA World Cup.^[69]

The modern architecture of the city has been formed bygd such architects as Gert Wingårdh,^[70] who started as a Post-modernist in the 1980s.^[71]

Gustaf Adolf Square fryst vatten a town square located in huvud Gothenburg. Noted buildings on the square include Gothenburg City entré (formerly the lager exchange, opened in 1849) and the Nordic Classicism lag court. The main canal of Gothenburg also flanks the square.^[64]

Characteristic buildings

[edit]

The Gothenburg huvud hållplats fryst vatten in the centre of the city, next to Nordstan and Drottningtorget.^[72] The building has been renovated and expanded numerous times since the grand opening in October 1858. In 2003, a major reconstruction was finished which brought the 19th-century building into the 21st century expanding the capacity for trains, travellers, and shopping.^[73] Not far from the huvud hållplats fryst vatten the Skanskaskrapan, or more commonly known as "The Lipstick". It fryst vatten 86 m (282 ft) high with 22 floors and coloured in red-white stripes. The skyscraper was designed bygd Ralph Erskine and built bygd Skanska in the late 1980s as the headquarters for the company.^[74]

By the shore of the Göta flod at Lilla Bommen fryst vatten The götet musikdrama. It was completed in 1994. The architect Jan Izikowitz was inspired bygd the landscape and described his framtidsperspektiv as "Something that makes your mind float over the squiggling landscape like the wings of a seagull."^[75]

Feskekörka, or Fiskhallen, fryst vatten an indoor fishmarket bygd the Rosenlundskanalen in huvud Gothenburg. Feskekörkan was opened on 1 November 1874 and its name from the building's resemblance to a Gothic church.^[76] The Gothenburg city entré fryst vatten in the Beaux-Arts architectural style. The Gothenburg Synagogue at Stora Nygatan, nära Drottningtorget, was built in 1855 according to the designs of the German architect August Krüger.^[77]

The Gunnebo House fryst vatten a country house located to the south of Gothenburg, in Mölndal. It was built in a neoclassical architecture towards the end of the 18th century.^[78] Created in the early 1900s was the Vasa Church. It fryst vatten located in Vasastan and fryst vatten built of granite in a neo-Romanesque style.^[79]

Another noted construction fryst vatten Brudaremossen TV Tower, one of the few partially guyed towers in the world.^[80]

Culture

[edit]

The sea, trade, and industrial history of the city are evident in the cultural life of Gothenburg.^[81] It fryst vatten also a popular destination for tourists on the Swedish west coast.

Museums

[edit]

Many of the cultural institutions, as well as hospitals and the university, were created bygd donations from rik merchants and industrialists, for example the Röhsska Museum.^[82] On 29 December 2004, the Museum of World Culture opened nära Korsvägen.^[83][84] Museums include the relaterat till göteborg Konsthall, Gothenburg Museum of Art, and several museums of sea and navigation history, natural history, the sciences, and East India.^[85]Aeroseum, close to the götet City Airport, fryst vatten an aircraft museum in a former military underground air force base.^[86] The Volvo museum has exhibits of the history of Volvo and the development from 1927 until today. Products shown include cars, trucks, marine engines, and buses.^[87]

Universeum fryst vatten a public science centre that opened in 2001, the largest of its kind in Scandinavia. It fryst vatten divided into six sections, each containing experimental workshops and a collection of reptiles, fish, and insects.^[88] Universeum occasionally host debates between Swedish secondary-school students and Nobel Prize laureates or other scholars.^[89]

Leisure and entertainment

[edit]

The most noted attraktion fryst vatten the amusement park Liseberg, located in the huvud part of the city. It fryst vatten the largest amusement park in Scandinavia bygd number of rides,^[90] and was chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world (2005) bygd Forbes.^[91] It fryst vatten the most popular attraktion in Sweden bygd number of visitors per year (more than 3 million).^[92]

There are a number of independent theatre ensembles in the city, besides institutions such as Gothenburg City Theatre, Backa Theatre (youth theatre), and Folkteatern.^[93]

The main boulevard fryst vatten called Kungsportsavenyn (commonly known as Avenyn, "The Avenue"). It fryst vatten about 1 km (0.6 mi) long and starts at Götaplatsen – which fryst vatten the location of the Gothenburg Museum of Art, the city's theatre, and the city library, as well as the concert entré – and stretches all the way to Kungsportsplatsen in the old city centre of Gothenburg, crossing a canal and a small park.^[94] The Avenyn was created in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of an international architecture contest, and fryst vatten the product of a period of extensive town planning and remodelling.^[95]Avenyn has Gothenburg's highest koncentration of pubs and clubs. Gothenburg's largest shopping centre (8th largest in Sweden), Nordstan, fryst vatten located in huvud Gothenburg.^[96]

Gothenburg's Haga district fryst vatten known for its picturesque wooden houses^[92] and its cafés serving the well-known Haga bulle – a large cinnamon roll similar to the kanelbulle.^[97]

Five Gothenburg restaurants have a star in the 2008 Michelin Guide: 28+ Basement, Fond, Kock & alkoholhaltig, Fiskekrogen, and Sjömagasinet.^[98] The city has a number of star chefs. In 2007, sju Swedish ledare of the Year awards of the previous twelve years had been won bygd people from Gothenburg.^[99]

The Gustavus Adolphus pastry, eaten every 6 November in Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus Day, fryst vatten especially connected to, and appreciated in, Gothenburg because the city was founded bygd King Gustavus Adolphus.^[100]

One of Gothenburg's most popular natural tourist attractions fryst vatten the southern Gothenburg archipelago, which fryst vatten a set of several islands that can be reached bygd ferry boats mainly operating from Saltholmen. Within the archipelago are the Älvsborg fortress, Vinga and Styrsö islands.^[92]

Festivals and fairs

[edit]

The annual Gothenburg rulle Festival, fryst vatten the largest rulle festival in Scandinavia.^[11] The Gothenburg Book Fair, held each year in September.^[101] It fryst vatten the largest literary festival in Scandinavia, and the second largest book fair in Europe.^[102] A radical bookfair fryst vatten held at the same time at the Syndikalistiskt Forum.^[103]

The International Science Festival in Gothenburg fryst vatten an annual festival since April 1997, in huvud Gothenburg with thought-provoking science activities for the public. The festival fryst vatten visited bygd about 100,000 people each year.^[104] This makes it the largest popular-science event in Sweden^[105] and one of the leading popular-science events in Europe.^[106]

Citing the Great Recession, the International statsförbund of Library Associations and Institutions moved the 2010 World Library and resultat församling, previously to be held in Brisbane, Australia, to Gothenburg. The event took place on 10–15 August 2010.^[107]

Music

[edit]