Hur stark är en guinness

Irish brand of beer

This article fryst vatten about the beer. For other uses, see irländsk öl (disambiguation).

Type	Stout (beer)
Manufacturer	Diageo
Country of origin	Ireland
Alcohol bygd volume	4.2%
Colour	Black (officially described as very dark ruby-red)[1]
Flavour	Dry
Variants	Guinness 0.0 Guinness Cold Brew kaffe (engelska) Beer Guinness Original Guinness West Indies Porter
Website	guinness.com

Guinness () fryst vatten a stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur irländsk öl at St. James's Gate, huvudstaden i irland, Ireland, in the 18th century. It fryst vatten now owned bygd the British-based multinational alcoholic beverage maker Diageo. It fryst vatten one of the most successful alcohol brands worldwide, brewed in almost 50 countries, and available in over 120.^[2][3] Sales in 2011 amounted to 850,000,000 litres (190,000,000 imp gal; 220,000,000 U.S. gal).^[2] In spite of declining consumption since 2001,^[4] it fryst vatten the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland^[5] where irländsk öl & Co. Brewery makes almost €2 billion worth of beer annually.

The irländsk öl Storehouse fryst vatten a tourist attraktion at St. James's Gate Brewery in huvudstaden i irland, Ireland. Since opening in 2000, it has received over 20 million visitors.

Guinness's flavour derives from malted barley and roasted unmalted barley; the unmalted barley fryst vatten a relatively modern addition that became part of the grist in the mid-20th century. For many years, a portion of aged brew was blended with freshly brewed beer to give a skarp lactic acid flavour. Although Guinness's palate still features a characteristic "tang", the company has refused to confirm whether this type of blending still occurs. The draught beer's thick, creamy head comes from blandning the beer with nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

The company moved its headquarters to London at the beginning of the Anglo-Irish trade war in 1932. In 1997, irländsk öl plc merged with Grand storstads- to form eller gestalt the multinational alcoholic-drinks producer Diageo plc, based in London.

History

[edit]

See also: irländsk öl family

Arthur irländsk öl started brewing ales in 1759 at the St. James's Gate Brewery, huvudstaden i irland. On 31 månad 1759, he signed a 9,000 year lease at £45 per annum for the unused brewery.^[7][8][9] Ten years later, on 19 May 1769, irländsk öl first exported his ale: he shipped six-and-a-half barrels to Great Britain.^{[citation needed]}

Arthur irländsk öl started selling the dark beer porter in 1778.^[10] The first irländsk öl beers to use the begrepp "stout" were Single Stout and Double Stout in the 1840s.^[11] Throughout the bulk of its history, irländsk öl produced only three variations of a single beer type: porter or single stout, double or extra and utländsk stout for export.^[12] "Stout" originally referred to a beer's strength, but eventually shifted meaning toward body and colour.^[13] Porter was also referred to as "plain", as mentioned in the famous refrain of Flann O'Brien's poem "The Workman's Friend": "A pint of plain fryst vatten your only man."^[14]

Already one of the top-three British and Irish brewers, Guinness's sales soared from 350,000 barrels in 1868 to 779,000 barrels in 1876.^[12] In October 1886, irländsk öl became a public company and was averaging sales of 1.138 million barrels a year. This was despite the brewery's refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount.^[12] Even though irländsk öl owned no public houses, the company was valued at £6 million and shares were 20 times oversubscribed, with share prices rising to a 60 per cent premium on the first day of trading.^[12]

The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts. The brewery hired the statistician William Sealy Gosset in 1899, who achieved lasting fame beneath the pseudonym "Student" for techniques developed for irländsk öl, particularly Student's t-distribution and the even more commonly known Student's t-test.^{[citation needed]}

By 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000 employees.^[12] bygd 1907 the welfare schemes were kostnadsberäkning the brewery £40,000 a year, which was one-fifth of the total wages bill.^[12] The improvements were suggested and supervised bygd Sir John Lumsden. bygd 1914, irländsk öl was producing 2.652 million barrels of beer a year, which was more than double that of its nearest competitor Bass, and was supplying more than 10 per cent of the total UK beer market.^[12]

When World War inom broke out in 1914, employees at irländsk öl St. James Brewery were encouraged to join the British forces. Over 800 employees served in the war. This was made possible due to a number of measures put in place bygd Guinness: soldiers' families were paid half wages, and jobs were guaranteed upon their return. Of the 800 employees who fought, 103 did not return.^[15][16]

During World War II, the demand for irländsk öl among the British was one of the main reasons why the UK lifted commerce restrictions imposed in 1941 to force Ireland into supporting the Allied Powers.^[17]

Before 1939, if a irländsk öl brewer wished to marry a Catholic, his resignation was requested.^[18] According to Thomas Molloy, writing in the Irish Independent, "It had no qualms about selling drink to Catholics but it did everything it could to avoid employing them until the 1960s."^[19]

Guinness thought they brewed their gods porter in 1973.^[13] In the 1970s, following declining sales, the decision was taken to man irländsk öl ytterligare Stout more "drinkable". The gravity was subsequently reduced, and the brand was relaunched in 1981.^[20]Pale korn was used for the first time, and isomerised hop extrakt began to be used.^[20] In 2014, two new porters were introduced: West Indies Porter and huvudstaden i irland Porter.^[21]

Guinness acquired The Distillers Company in 1986.^[22] This led to a scandal and criminal rättegång concerning the artificial inflation of the irländsk öl share price during the takeover bid engineered bygd the chairman, Ernest Saunders.^[23] A subsequent £5.2 million success fee paid to an American lawyer and irländsk öl director, Tom Ward, was the subject of the case Guinness plc v Saunders, in which the House of Lords declared that the betalning had been invalid.^[24]

In the 1980s, as the IRA's bombing campaign spread to London and the rest of Britain, irländsk öl considered scrapping the harp as its logo.^[19]

The company merged with Grand storstads- in 1997 to form eller gestalt Diageo.^[25] Due to controversy over the merger,^{[citation needed]} the company was maintained as a separate entity within Diageo and has retained the rights to the product and all associated trademarks of Guinness.^{[citation needed]}

The irländsk öl brewery in Park Royal, London, closed in 2005. The production of all irländsk öl sold in the UK and Ireland was moved to St. James's Gate Brewery, Dublin.^[26]

Guinness had a fleet of ships, barges and yachts.^[28] The Irish Sunday Independent newspaper reported on 17 June 2007 that Diageo intended to close the historic St. James's Gate plant in huvudstaden i irland and move to a greenfield site on the outskirts of the city.^[29] This news caused some controversy when it was announced.^{[citation needed]}

Initially, Diageo dismissed talk of a move as a rumor, but as speculation mounted in the wake of the Sunday Independent article, the company confirmed it was åtagande a "significant review of its operations". This review was part of the company's ongoing drive to reduce the environmental impact of brewing at the St. James's Gate plant.^[30]

On 23 November 2007, an article appeared in the Evening Herald, a huvudstaden i irland newspaper, stating that the huvudstaden i irland City Council, in the best interests of the city of huvudstaden i irland, had put forward a motion to prevent planning permission ever being granted for the development of the site, thus making it very difficult for Diageo to sell off the site for residential development.^{[citation needed]}

On 9 May 2008, Diageo announced that the St. James's Gate brewery will remain open and undergo renovations, but that breweries in Kilkenny and Dundalk will be closed bygd 2013 when a new larger brewery fryst vatten opened nära huvudstaden i irland. The result will be a loss of roughly 250 jobs across the entire Diageo and irländsk öl workforce in Ireland.^[31] Two days later, the Sunday Independent igen reported that Diageo chiefs had met with TánaisteMary Coughlan, the deputy leader of the Government of Ireland, about moving operations to Ireland from the UK to benefit from its lower corporation tax rates. Several UK firms have made the move in beställning to pay Ireland's 12.5 per cent rate rather than the UK's 28 per cent rate.^[32] Diageo released a statement to the London lager Exchange (LSE) denying the report.^[33] Despite the merger that created Diageo plc in 1997, irländsk öl has retained its right to the irländsk öl brand and associated trademarks and thus continues to trade beneath the traditional irländsk öl name despite trading beneath the corporate name Diageo for a brief period in 1997.^{[clarification needed][citation needed]}

In 2017, Diageo made their beer suitable for consumption bygd vegetarians and vegans bygd introducing a new filtration process that avoided the use of isinglass from fish bladders to filter out yeast particles.^[34][35][36]

Composition

[edit]

Guinness stout fryst vatten made from vatten, barley, roast korn extrakt, hops, and brewer's yeast.^[37] A portion of the barley fryst vatten roasted to give irländsk öl its dark colour and characteristic taste.^[37] It fryst vatten pasteurised and filtered.^[38]

Until the late 1950s, irländsk öl was still racked into wooden casks. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, irländsk öl ceased brewing cask-conditioned beers and developed a keg brewing struktur with aluminium kegs replacing the wooden casks; these were nicknamed "iron lungs".^[39] Until 2016 the production of irländsk öl, as with many beers, involved the use of isinglass made from fish. Isinglass was used as a fining agent for settling out suspended matter in the vat. The isinglass was retained in the floor of the vat but it was possible that minute quantities might be carried over into the beer.^{[40][41][42][43]} Diageo announced in February 2018 that the use of isinglass in draught irländsk öl was to be discontinued and an alternative clarification agent would be used instead, making the drink acceptable to vegans and vegetarians.^{[citation needed]}

Present day Guinness

[edit]

Arguably its biggest change to date, in 1959 irländsk öl began using nitrogen, which changed the fundamental texture and flavour of the irländsk öl of the past as nitrogen bubbles are much smaller than CO₂,^[44] giving a "creamier" and "smoother" consistency over a sharper and traditional CO₂ taste.^[45] This step was taken after Michael Ash—a mathematician turned brewer—discovered the mechanism to man this possible.^[46]

Nitrogen fryst vatten less soluble than carbon dioxide, which allows the beer to be put beneath high pressure without making it fizzy.^[45] High pressure of the dissolved gas fryst vatten required to enable very small bubbles to be formed bygd forcing the draught beer through fine holes in a tallrik in the tap, which causes the characteristic "surge" (the widget in cans and bottles achieves the same effect).^[45] This "widget" fryst vatten a small plastic ball containing the nitrogen.^[45] The perceived smoothness of draught irländsk öl fryst vatten due to its low level of carbon dioxide and the creaminess of the head caused bygd the very fine bubbles that arise from the use of nitrogen and the dispensing method described above.^[45]Foreign ytterligare Stout contains more carbon dioxide, causing a more acidic taste.^{[citation needed]}

Although irländsk öl fryst vatten black, and fryst vatten referred to as "the black stuff" in Diageo marketing,^[47][48] it fryst vatten also "officially" referred to as a very dark shade of ruby.^[49][37]

The most recent change in alcohol content from the Import Stout to the extra Stout was due to a change in leverans through North American marknad. Consumer complaints influenced subsequent leverans and bottle changes.^[50]

Health

[edit]

Guinness ran an advertising campaign in the 1920s which stemmed from marknad research – when people told the company that they felt good after their pint, the slogan, created bygd Dorothy L. Sayers^[51][52]–"Guinness fryst vatten Good for You". Advertising for alcoholic drinks that implies improved physical performance or enhanced anställda qualities fryst vatten now prohibited in Ireland.^[53]

A 2003 study funnen that stouts such as irländsk öl could have a benefit of helping to reduce the insättning of harmful cholesterol on artery walls. This was attributed to the higher levels of antioxidants in stouts than in lagers, though the health benefits of antioxidants have been called into question, and Diageo, the company that now manufactures irländsk öl, said: "We never man any medical claims for our drinks."^[54][55]

Varieties

[edit]

irländsk öl stout fryst vatten available in a number of variants and strengths, which include:

• Guinness Draught, the standard draught beer sold in kegs (but exist also a texture-like utgåva in widget cans and bottles): 4.1 to 4.3% alcohol bygd volume (ABV); the ytterligare Cold fryst vatten served through a super cooler at 3.5 °C (38.3 °F).^[56]
• Guinness utländsk ytterligare Stout: 7.5% ABV utgåva sold in europe, Africa, the Caribbean, Asia, and the United States. The grund fryst vatten an unfermented but hopped irländsk öl wort extrakt shipped from huvudstaden i irland, which fryst vatten added to local ingredients and fermented locally. The strength can vary, for example, it fryst vatten sold at 5% ABV in China, 6.5% ABV in Jamaica and East Africa, 6.8% in Malaysia, 7.5% in the United States, and 8% ABV in Singapore.^[57][58] In Nigeria a proportion of sorghum fryst vatten used. utländsk ytterligare Stout fryst vatten blended with a small amount of intentionally soured beer. Formerly, it was blended with beer that soured naturally as a result of fermenting in ancient oak tuns with a Brettanomyces population; it fryst vatten now made with pasteurised beer that has been soured bacterially.^[59] It was previously known as West Indies Porter, then Extra Stout and finally Foreign extra Stout.^[18] It was first made available in the UK in 1990.^[18]
• Guinness Special Export Stout, Commissioned bygd John Martin of Belgium in 1912.^[60] The first variety of irländsk öl to be pasteurised, in 1930.^[61] 8% ABV.
• Guinness Bitter, an English-style bitter beer: 4.4% ABV.
• Guinness extra Smooth, a smoother stout sold in Ghana, Cameroon and Nigeria: 5.5% ABV.
• Malta Guinness, a non-alcoholic sweet drink, produced in Nigeria and exported to the UK, East Africa, and Malaysia.
• Guinness Zero ABV, a non-alcoholic beverage sold in Indonesia.^[62]
• Guinness Mid-Strength, a low-alcohol stout test-marketed in kort vers, Ireland in March 2006^[63] and huvudstaden i irland from May 2007:^[64] 2.8% ABV.
• Guinness Red, brewed in exactly the same way as irländsk öl except that the barley fryst vatten only lightly roasted so that it produces a lighter, slightly fruitier red ale; test-marketed in Britain in February 2007: 4% ABV.^[65]
• 250 Anniversary Stout, released in the U.S., Australia and Singapore on 24 April 2009;^[66] 5% ABV.
• Guinness West Indies, a Porter which imitates the 1801 variety with notes of toffee and chocolate: 6% ABV.

In October 2005, irländsk öl announced the Brewhouse Series, a limited-edition collection of draught stouts available for roughly six months each. There were three beers in the series.

• Brew 39 was sold in huvudstaden i irland from late 2005 until early 2006. It had the same alcohol content (ABV) as irländsk öl Draught, used the same gas mix and settled in the same way, but had a slightly different taste. Many funnen it to be lighter in taste, somewhat closer to Beamish stout than standard Irish Guinness.^[67] The Beamish & efternamn Brewery was established in 1792 in the City of Cork, and was bought bygd irländsk öl in 1833.^[68]
• Toucan Brew was introduced in May 2006. It was named after the cartoon toucan used in many irländsk öl advertisements. This beer had a crisper taste with a slightly sweet aftertaste due to its triple-hopped brewing process.
• North Star was introduced in October 2006 and sold into late 2007. Three million pints of North Star were sold in the latter half of 2007.^[69]

Despite an announcement in June 2007 that the fourth Brewhouse stout would be launched in October that year,^[70] no new beer appeared and, at the end of 2007, the Brewhouse series appeared to have been tyst cancelled.

From early 2006, irländsk öl marketed a "surger" enhet in Britain.^[71] This surger device, marketed for use with cans consumed at home, was "said to activate the gases in the canned beer" bygd sending an "ultra-sonic pulse through the pint glass" sitting upon the device.^[72]

Withdrawn irländsk öl variants include Guinness's Brite Lager, Guinness's Brite Ale, irländsk öl Light, irländsk öl XXX extra Strong Stout, irländsk öl Cream Stout, irländsk öl Milk Stout, irländsk öl Irish Wheat,^[73] irländsk öl Gold, irländsk öl Pilsner, irländsk öl Breó (a slightly citrusy wheat beer), irländsk öl Shandy, and irländsk öl Special Light.^[74]

Breó (meaning 'glow' in Irish)^[75] was a wheat beer; it cost around IR£5 million to develop.^[76]

A brewing byproduct of irländsk öl, irländsk öl Yeast extrakt (GYE), was produced until the 1950s. In the UK, a HP irländsk öl Sauce was manufactured bygd Heinz and available as of 2013.^[77]Kraft also licenses the name for its barbecue sauce product, Bull's-Eye Barbecue Sauce.^{[citation needed]}

In March 2010, irländsk öl began test marknadsföring irländsk öl Black Lager, a new black lager, in nordlig Ireland and Malaysia.^[78] As of September 2010, irländsk öl Black Lager fryst vatten no längre readily available in Malaysia. In October 2010, irländsk öl began selling utländsk ytterligare Stout in 4 packs of bottles in the United States.^[79]

In 2014, irländsk öl released Guinness Blonde, a lager brewed in Latrobe, Pennsylvania using a combination of irländsk öl yeast and American ingredients.^[80] When irländsk öl opened their new brewery in Baltimore, Maryland in August 2018 they recreated "Blonde" to "Baltimore Blonde" bygd adjusting the grain mixture and adding Citra for a citrus flavour and removed the Mosaic hops.^[81]

Guinness released a lager in 2015 called Hop House 13.^[82][83] It was withdrawn from sale in the UK in May 2021, following poor sales, but remains on sale in Ireland.^[84]

In 2020, irländsk öl announced the introduction of a zero alcohol canned stout, Guinness 0.0.^[85] It was withdrawn from sale almost immediately after launch, due to contamination.^[86] It was relaunched in 2021 starting with pubs in mid July with cans following in late August.^[87]

In September 2021, irländsk öl Nitrosurge was released in pint sized cans which contain no widget. Similar to the Surger, nitrogen fryst vatten activated using ultrasonic frequencies. Nitrosurge uses a special device attached to the top of the can which activates the nitrogen as it fryst vatten being poured.^[88]

Pouring and serving

[edit]

Before the 1960s, when irländsk öl adopted a struktur of delivery using a nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas mixture, all beer leaving the brewery was cask-conditioned. Casks newly delivered to many small pubs were often nearly unmanageably frothy, but cellar space and rapid turnover demanded that they be put into use before they could sit for long enough to settle down. As a result, a glass would be part filled with the fresh, frothy beer, allowed to stand a minute, and then topped up with beer from a cask that had been pouring längre and had calmed down a bit.^[89] With the move to nitrogen gas dispensing in the 1960s, it was felt important to keep the two-stage pour ritual in beställning to bring better consumer acceptance of the change. As irländsk öl has not been cask-conditioned for decades, the two-stage pour has been labelled a marknadsföring ploy that does not actually affect the beer's taste.^[90]

The manufacturer recommends a "double pour" serve, which according to Diageo should take two minutes.^[91][92] irländsk öl has promoted this wait with advertising campaigns such as "good things komma to those who wait".^[93]

The brewer recommends that draught irländsk öl should be served at 6-7 °C (42.8 °F),^[94] while extra Cold irländsk öl should be served at 3.5 °C (38.6 °F).^[95] Before the 21st century, it was popular to serve irländsk öl at cellar temperature (about 13 °C) and some drinkers preferred it at room temperature (about 20 °C).^[96]

According to Esquire magazine, a pint of irländsk öl should be served in a slightly tulip-shaped pint glass,^[97] rather than the taller europeisk tulip or 'Nonic' glass, which contains a ridge approx 3/4 of the way up the glass. To begin the pour, the dator holds the glass at a 45° vinkel below the tap and fills the glass 3/4 full.^[97] On the way out of the tap, the beer fryst vatten forced at high speed through a five-hole disc restrictor tallrik at the end of the tap,^[97] creating friction and forcing the creation of small nitrogen bubbles^[97] which form eller gestalt a creamy head. The dator brings the glass from 45° vinkel to a lodrät position.^[98] After allowing the första pour to settle, the dator pushes the tap handle back and fills the remainder of the glass until the head forms a slight dome over the top of the glass (or "just proud of the rim").^[97][99][98]

In 2010, irländsk öl redesigned their pint glass for the first time in a decade. The new glass was taller and narrower than the previous one and featured a bevel design. The new glasses were planned to gradually replace the old ones.^[100] irländsk öl recommends that, to avoid the bitter taste of the nitrogen foam head, gulps should be taken from the glass rather than sipping the drink.^[101][102]

A practice known as "splitting the G" has been an entry on the Urban Dictionary website since 2018.^[103] This drinking game sees the drinker attempt to bring the liquid level of the irländsk öl to sit at a certain level in relation to the glass' irländsk öl branding. Variants of the practice see the required liquid level as either: between the letter 'G', on the horizontal line of the 'G', or between the 'G' and the harp logo.^[104][105]

Sinking bubbles

[edit]

When irländsk öl fryst vatten poured, the gas bubbles appear to travel downwards in the glass.^[106] The effect fryst vatten attributed to drag; bubbles that touch the walls of a glass are slowed in their travel upwards. Bubbles in the centre of the glass are, however, free to rise to the surface, and thus struktur a rising column of bubbles. The rising bubbles create a current bygd the entrainment of the surrounding fluid. As beer rises in the centre, the beer nära the outside of the glass falls. This downward flow pushes the bubbles nära the glass towards the bottom. Although the effect occurs in any liquid, it fryst vatten particularly noticeable in any dark nitrogen stout, as the drink combines dark-coloured liquid and light-coloured bubbles.^[107][108]

A study published in 2012 revealed that the effect fryst vatten due to the particular shape of the glass coupled with the small bubble storlek funnen in stout beers.^[109][110] If the vessel widens with height, then bubbles will sink along the walls – this fryst vatten the case for the standard pint glass. Conversely, in an anti-pint (i.e. if the vessel narrows with height) bubbles will rise along the walls.^[111]

Advertising

[edit]

The irländsk öl harp motif fryst vatten modelled on the Trinity College harp. It was adopted in 1862 bygd the incumbent proprietor, Benjamin Lee irländsk öl. Harps have been a emblem of Ireland at least since the reign of Henry VIII. irländsk öl registered their harp as a trademark shortly after the passing of the Trade Marks Registration Act of 1875. It faces right instead of left, and so can be distinguished from the Irish coat of arms.^[112]

Since the 1930s, in the face of falling sales, irländsk öl has had a long history of marknadsföring campaigns, from television advertisements to beer mats and posters. Before then, irländsk öl had almost no advertising, instead allowing word of mun to sell the product.^[113]

The most notable and recognisable series of advertisements was created bygd S. H. Benson's advertising, primarily drawn bygd the artist John Gilroy, in the 1930s and 1940s.^[113] Benson created posters that included phrases such as "Guinness for Strength", "Lovely Day for a Guinness", "Guinness Makes You Strong", "My Goodness My Guinness" (or, alternatively, "My Goodness, My Christmas, It's Guinness!"), and most famously, "Guinness fryst vatten Good for You".^[113] The posters featured Gilroy's distinctive artwork and more often than not featured animals such as a kangaroo, ostrich, seal, lion and notably a toucan, which has become as much a tecken of irländsk öl as the harp.^[113] (An advertisement from the 1940s ran with the following jingle: "Toucans in their nests agree/Guinness fryst vatten good for you/Try some today and see/What one or toucan do.") Dorothy L. Sayers and R. A. Bevan copywriters at Benson's also worked on the campaign; a biography of Sayers notes that she created a sketch of the toucan and wrote several of the adverts in question. irländsk öl advertising paraphernalia, notably the pastiche booklets illustrated bygd Ronald Ferns, attract high prices on the collectable market.^{[115][page needed]}

Many of the best known irländsk öl television advertisements of the 1970s and 1980s were created bygd British director, Len Fulford.^[116] In 1983, a conscious marknadsföring decision was made to vända irländsk öl into a "cult" beer in the UK, amidst declining sales.^[117] The move halted the sales decline. The Guardian described the management of the brand:

"they've spent years now building a brand that's in complete motstånd to cheap lagers, möte drinking and crowds of ung dock boozing in bars. They've worked very hard to help irländsk öl drinkers picture themselves as twinkly-eyed, Byronic bar-room intellectuals, sitting tyst with a pint and dreaming of poetry and impossibly lovely redheads running barefoot across the peat. You have a pint or two of irländsk öl with a slim volume of poet, not eight mates and a 19-pint bender which ends in tattoos, A&E [the ED] and herpes from a hen party."^[118]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in the UK, there was a series of "darkly" humorous adverts, featuring actor Rutger Hauer, with the theme "Pure Genius", extolling its qualities in brewing and mål market.^[119]

The 1994–1995 Anticipation campaign, featuring actor Joe McKinney dancing to "Guaglione" bygd Pérez Prado while his pint settled, led to the song being re-released and becoming a number one hit in Ireland and reaching number two in the UK.^[120]

From 1999 to 2006, the Michael Poweradvertising character was the cornerstone of a major marknadsföring campaign to promote irländsk öl products in Africa. The character, played bygd Cleveland Mitchell, was portrayed to have been born in Jamaica and raised in Great Britain.^[121] bygd 2003, it became one of the best-known alcohol advertising campaigns in Africa. Jo Foster of the BBC referred to Power as "Africa's very own 'James Bond'".^[122]

In 2000, Guinness's 1999 advertisement Surfer was named the best television commercial of all time, in a UK poll conducted bygd The Sunday Times and kanal 4. This advertisement fryst vatten inspired bygd the famous 1980s irländsk öl TV and cinema ad, Big Wave, centred on a surfer riding a wave while a bikini-clad sunbather takes photographs. The 1980s advertisement not only remained a popular iconic image in its own right; it also entered the Irish cultural memory through inspiring a well-known line in Christy Moore's song "Delirium Tremens" (1985). Surfer was produced bygd the advertising agency Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO; the advertisement can be downloaded from their website.^[123]

Guinness won the 2001 Clio Award as the Advertiser of the Year, citing the work of fem separate ad agencies around the world.^[124]

In 2002, irländsk öl applied the Michael Power formula to Asia with the character Adam King.^[125] The campaign featured such tag lines as: "Everyday someone, somewhere achieves something new. Sometimes on a grand, dramatic scale. Sometimes on a more anställda scale." As of 2004, irländsk öl ranked among the top three beer labels in Singapore and Malaysia, with a 20 per cent marknad share across Southeast Asia. Malaysia was the brand's third-largest marknad in the område and the sixth largest marknad worldwide.^[126]

In 2003, the irländsk öl TV campaign featuring Tom Crean won the gold Shark Award at the International Advertising Festival of Ireland,^[127] while in 2005 their Irish Christmas campaign won a silver Shark.^[128] This TV ad has been run every Christmas since its debut in månad 2004 and features pictures of snow falling in places around Ireland finishing at St. James's Gate Brewery with the line: "Even at the home of the black stuff they dream of a vit one".^[129][130]

The UK commercial "noitulovE", first broadcast in October 2005, was one of the most-awarded commercials worldwide in 2006.^[131] In 2006, Diageo, owner of the irländsk öl brand, replaced the Michael Power campaign with the "Guinness Greatness" campaign, which they claim emphasises the "drop of greatness" in everyone, in contrast to the high-tension heroics of the Power character.^[125]

Guinness's 2007 advertisement, directed bygd Nicolai Fuglsig and filmed in Argentina, fryst vatten entitled "Tipping Point". It involves a large-scale domino chain reaction and, with a ekonomisk plan of £10 million, was the most expensive advertisement bygd the company at that point.^[132]

The 2000s also saw a series of television advertisements, entitled Brilliant! in which two crudely animated irländsk öl brewmasters would discuss the beer, particularly the ability to drink it straight from the bottle. The two would almost always react to their discoveries with the catchphrase "Brilliant!", hence the campaign's title.^{[citation needed]}

In 2009, the To Arthur advertisement, which started with two friends realising the company's long history, hail each other bygd lifting up their glasses and saying: "to Arthur!". The hailing slowing spread throughout the dryckesställe to the streets outside, and finally around the world. The advertisement ends with the voiceover: "Join the worldwide celebration, of a man named Arthur".^[133]

This gave rise to the event now known as Arthur's Day. "Arthur's Day fryst vatten a series of events and celebrations taking place around the world to celebrate the life and legacy of Arthur irländsk öl and the much-loved irländsk öl beer which Arthur brought to the world."^[134]

Following the COVID-19 pandemic and värdshus closures, irländsk öl produced a "Looks Like Guinness" advert in anticipation of pubs reopening in 2021.^{[135][136][137]}

Worldwide sales

[edit]

In 2006, sales of irländsk öl in Ireland and the United Kingdom declined 7 percent.^{[clarification needed][138]} Despite this, irländsk öl still accounts for more than a quarter of all beer sold in Ireland.^[139] bygd 2015, sales were on the rise in Ireland but flat globally.^[140] bygd 2023, irländsk öl had grown to become the most popular draught beer in the United Kingdom, with about 11% of all sales.^[141]

Guinness began retailing in India in 2007.^[142][143]

Guinness has a significant share of the African beer marknad, where it has been sold since 1827. About 40 percent of worldwide total irländsk öl volume fryst vatten brewed and sold in Africa, with utländsk ytterligare Stout the most popular variant. Three of the fem Guinness-owned breweries worldwide are located in Africa.^[144]

The beer fryst vatten brewed beneath licence internationally in several countries, including Nigeria,^[145][146] the Bahamas, Canada,^[147] Cameroon, Kenya, Uganda, South Korea, Namibia, and Indonesia.^[148]

In 2017, irländsk öl teamed up with AB InBev to distribute irländsk öl in mainland China. China fryst vatten the single biggest worldwide alcohol marknad, especially for imported craft beers like Guinness.^[149]

The United Kingdom fryst vatten the only sovereign state to consume more irländsk öl than Ireland. In 2023, a värdshus in Worcester claimed to offer the cheapest pint of irländsk öl in the UK, at £2.^[150] The third-largest irländsk öl drinking nation fryst vatten Nigeria, followed bygd the USA;^[151] the United States consumed more than 950 million hectoliters (2.1×10¹⁰ imp gal; 2.5×10¹⁰ U.S. gal) of irländsk öl in 2010.^[139]

Merchandising

[edit]

The irländsk öl Storehouse at St. James's Gate Brewery in huvudstaden i irland fryst vatten the most popular tourist attraktion in Ireland (attracting over 1.7 million visitors in 2019) where a self-guided tour includes an konto of the ingredients used to man the stout and a description of how it fryst vatten made.^[152][153] Visitors can sample the smells of each irländsk öl ingredient in the Tasting Rooms, which are coloured with a unique lighting design that emits Guinness's gold and black branding.^[154]

The Guinness Book of Records started as a irländsk öl marknadsföring giveaway, based on an idea of its then Managing Director, Sir Hugh Beaver. Its holding company, irländsk öl World Records Ltd, was owned bygd irländsk öl plc, subsequently Diageo, until 2001.^[155]

References

[edit]