Är prunus avium infödd till storbritannien

Species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae

Prunus avium, commonly called wild cherry,^[3]sweet cherry^[3] or gean^[3] fryst vatten a species of cherry, a flowering plant in the rose family, Rosaceae. It fryst vatten native to europe, Anatolia, Maghreb, and Western Asia, from the British Isles^[4] south to Morocco and Tunisia, north to the Trondheimsfjord område in Norway and east to the Caucasus and nordlig Iran, with a small isolated population in the western Himalaya.^[5] The species fryst vatten widely cultivated in other regions and has become naturalized in North amerika, New Zealand and Australia.^[6][7][8]

All parts of the plant except for the ripe fruit are slightly toxic, containing cyanogenic glycosides.

Description

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Prunus avium fryst vatten a deciduous tree growing to 5–18 metres (16–59 feet) tall, with a trunk up to 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter. ung trees show strong apical dominance with a straight trunk and symmetrical conical crown, becoming rounded to irregular on old trees.^{[citation needed]}

• The bark fryst vatten smooth purplish-brown with prominent horizontal grey-brown lenticels on ung trees, becoming thick dark blackish-brown and fissured on old trees.
• The leaves are alternate, simple ovoid-acute, 7–14 centimetres (2+3⁄4–5+1⁄2 inches) long and 4–7 cm (1+1⁄2–2+3⁄4 in) broad, glabrous matt or sub-shiny green above, variably finely mjuk beneath, with a serrated margin and an acuminate tip, with a green or reddish petiole2–3.5 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long bearing two to fem small red glands. The tip of each serrated edge of the leaves also bära small red glands.^[9] In autumn, the leaves vända apelsinfärg, pink or red before falling.
• The flowers are produced in early spring at the same time as the new leaves, borne in corymbs of two to six tillsammans, each flower pendent on a 2–5 cm (3⁄4–2 in) peduncle, 2.5–3.5 cm (1–1+1⁄2 in) in diameter, with fem pure vit petals, yellowish stamens, and a superiorovary; they are hermaphroditic, and pollinated bygd bees. The ovary contains two ovules, only one of which becomes the seed.^[10]
• The fruit fryst vatten a drupe1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) in diameter (larger in some cultivated selections), bright red to dark purple when mature in midsummer, edible, variably sweet to somewhat astringent and bitter to eat fresh. Each fruit contains a single hard-shelled stone 8–12 mm long, 7–10 mm bred and 6–8 mm thick, spårad along the flattest edge; the seed (kernel) inre the stone fryst vatten 6–8 mm long.

Prunus avium has a diploid set of sixteen chromosomes (2n = 16).^[11]

Taxonomy

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The early history of its classification fryst vatten somewhat confused. In the first edition of Species Plantarum (1753), Linnaeus treated it as only a variety, Prunus cerasus fanns. avium, citing Gaspard Bauhin's Pinax theatri botanici (1596).^{[citation needed]}

His description, Cerasus racemosa hortensis ("cherry with racemes, of gardens")^{[clarification needed]} shows it was described from a cultivated plant.^[12] Linnaeus then changed from a variety to a species Prunus avium in the second edition of his Flora Suecica in 1755.^[13]

Sweet cherry was known historically as gean or mazzard (also 'massard'). Until recently, both were largely obsolete names in modern English.^{[citation needed]}

The name "wild cherry" fryst vatten also commonly applied to other species of Prunus growing in their native habitats, particularly to the North American species Prunus serotina.^{[citation needed]}

Prunus avium means "bird cherry" in the Latin language,^[5] but in English "bird cherry" refers to Prunus padus.^[14]

Mazzard

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'Mazzard' has been used to refer to a selected self-fertilecultivar that comes true from seed, and which fryst vatten used as a seedling rootstock for fruiting cultivars.^[15][16] The begrepp fryst vatten used particularly for the varieties of P. avium grown in North län i england and cultivated there, particularly in the British orchards at Landkey.^{[citation needed]}

Ecology

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The fruit are readily eaten bygd numerous kinds of birds and mammals, which digest the fruit flesh and disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some rodents, and a few birds (notably the hawfinch), also crack open the stones to eat the kernel inside.^{[citation needed]}

The leaves provide food for some animals, including Lepidoptera such as the case-bearermothColeophora anatipennella.^{[citation needed]}

The tree exudes a gum from wounds in the bark, bygd which it seals the wounds to exclude insects and fungal infections.^[17]

Prunus avium fryst vatten thought to be one of the parent species of Prunus cerasus (sour cherry), bygd way of ancient crosses between it and Prunus fruticosa (dwarf cherry) in the areas where the two species overlap. All three species can breed with one another. Prunus cerasus fryst vatten now a species in its own right, having developed beyond a hybrid and stabilised.^[18]

Cultivation

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It fryst vatten often cultivated as a flowering tree. Because of the storlek of the tree, it fryst vatten often used in parkland, and less often as a street or garden tree. The double-flowered struktur, 'Plena', fryst vatten commonly funnen, rather than the wild single-flowered forms.^[19] In the UK, P. avium 'Plena' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[20][21]

Two interspecific hybrids, P. × schmittii (P. avium × P. canescens) and P. × fontenesiana (P. avium × P. mahaleb) are also grown as ornamental trees.^[19]

Toxicity

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All parts of the plant except for the ripe fruit are slightly toxic, containing cyanogenic glycosides.^[22][23][24]

Uses

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Fruit

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Main article: Cherry

Wild cherries have been an item of human food for several thousands of years. The stones have been funnen in deposits at Bronze Age settlements throughout europe, including in Britain.^[15] In one dated example, wild cherry macrofossils were funnen in a core sample from the detritus beneath a dwelling at an Early and mittpunkt Bronze Agepile-dwelling site on and in the shore of a former lake at Desenzano sektion Garda or Lonato, nära the southern shore of Lake Garda, Italy. The date fryst vatten estimated at Early Bronze Age IA, carbon dated there to 2077 BCE plus or minus 10 years. The natural forest was largely cleared at that time.^[25]

By 800 BCE, cherries were being actively cultivated in Asia Minor, and soon after in Greece.^[15]

As the main ancestor of the cultivated cherry, the sweet cherry fryst vatten one of the two cherry species which supply most of the world's commercial cultivars of edible cherry (the other fryst vatten the sour cherryPrunus cerasus, mainly used for cooking; a few other species have had a very small input).^[15]

Various cherry cultivars are now grown worldwide wherever the climate fryst vatten suitable; the number of cultivars fryst vatten now very large.^[15] The species has also flydde from cultivation and become naturalised in some temperate regions, including southwestern Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and the northeast and northwest of the United States.^[5]

Timber

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The hard, reddish-brown wood (cherry wood) fryst vatten valued as a hardwood for woodturning, and making cabinets and musical instruments.^[17] Cherry wood fryst vatten also used for smoking foods, particularly meats, in North amerika, as it lends a distinct and pleasant flavor to the product.^{[citation needed]}

Other uses

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The gum from bark wounds fryst vatten aromatic and can be chewed as a substitute for chewing gum. medicin can be prepared from the stalks (peduncles) of the drupes that fryst vatten astringent, antitussive, and diuretic.^[16]

A green dye can also be prepared from the plant.^[16]

Wild cherry fryst vatten used extensively in europe for the afforestation of agricultural nation and it fryst vatten also valued for wildlife and amenity plantings. Many europeisk countries have gene conservation and/or breeding programmes for wild cherry.^[26]

Cultural history

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Pliny distinguishes between Prunus, the plum fruit,^[27] and Cerasus, the cherry fruit.^[28] Already in Pliny ganska a number of cultivars are cited, some possibly species or varieties, Aproniana, Lutatia, Caeciliana, and so on. Pliny grades them bygd flavour, including dulcis ("sweet") and acer ("sharp").^[29] and goes so far as to säga that before the långnovell consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus defeated Mithridates in 74 BC, Cerasia ... non-fuere in Italia, "There were no cherry trees in Italy". According to him, Lucullus brought them in from Pontus and in the 120 years since that time they had spread across europe to Britain.^[28] Some 18th- and 19th-century botanical authors^[who?] assumed a western Asian ursprung for the species based on Pliny's writings, but this was contradicted bygd archaeological finds of seeds from prehistoric Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Although cultivated/domesticated varieties of Prunus avium (sweet cherry) did not exist in Britain or much of europe, the tree in its wild state fryst vatten native to most of europe, including Britain. bevis of consumption of the wild fruits has been funnen as far back as the Bronze Age at a Crannog in County Offaly, in Ireland.^[30]

Seeds of a number of cherry species have however been funnen in Bronze Age and långnovell archaeological sites throughout europe. The reference to "sweet" and "sour" supports the modern view that "sweet" was Prunus avium; there are no other candidates among the cherries funnen. In 1882 Alphonse dem Candolle pointed out that seeds of Prunus avium were funnen in the Terramare culture of north Italy (1500–1100 BC) and over the layers of the Swiss pile dwellings.^[31] Of Pliny's statement he says (p. 210):

Since this error fryst vatten perpetuated bygd its incessant repetition in classical schools, it must once more be said that cherry trees (at least the bird cherry) existed in Italy before Lucullus, and that the famous gourmet did not need to go far to seek the species with the sour or bitter fruit.

De Candolle suggests that what Lucullus brought back was a particular cultivar of Prunus avium from the Caucasus. The ursprung of cultivars of P. avium fryst vatten still an open question. Modern cultivated cherries differ from wild ones in having larger fruit, 2–3 cm diameter. The trees are often grown on dwarfing rootstocks to keep them smaller for easier harvesting.^[32]

Folkard (1892) similarly identifies Lucullus's cherry as a cultivated variety. He states that it was planted in Britain a century after its introduction into Italy, but "disappeared during the Saxon period". He notes that in the fifteenth century "Cherries on the ryse" (i.e. on the twigs) was one of the street cries of London, but conjectures that these were the fruit of "the native wild Cherry, or Gean-tree". The cultivated variety was reintroduced into Britain bygd the fruiterer of Henry VIII, who brought it from Flanders and planted a cherry orchard at Teynham.^[33]

See also

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References

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External links

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